Pain management for a case with Nutcracker syndrome undergoing a newly developed bypass surgery

摘要

A Magnetic resonance imaging of the kidneys and renal veins. Note the narrowing/pinching (*) between the SMA and the anterior aorta in the left renal vein (LRV) with a dilation proximal to the narrowing. B Venogram of the left renal vein. Note the remarkable low contrast density (*) before entry into the IVC, due to compression by the SMA and the anterior aorta. The perinephric vein of collateral drainage, due to partial obstruction and flow resistance, is abnormally observed. Ao, aorta; SMA, superior mesenteric artery; IVC, inferior vena cava; LRV, left renal vein