Depression mitochondrial bioenergetics and electroconvulsive therapy: a new approach towards personalized medicine in psychiatric treatment - a short review and current perspective

摘要

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) possess redox capabilities to bind and to provide electrons (e-) as well as protons (H+). The electron transport chain consists of the complexes C-I - C-IV. Coenzyme Q (CoQ) and Cytochrome C (CytC) contribute to the electron transport chain as co-factors. Protons, electrons, and oxygen (O2) are used to generate water (H2O). Additionally, protons are shuttled into the intermembrane space to use ∆P for the generation of ATP at the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase (Complex V).