Educational attainment reduces the risk of suicide attempt among individuals with and without psychiatric disorders independent of cognition: a bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization study with more than 815000 participants

摘要

Dashed lines indicate Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses of SVMR and MVMR exposure instruments on the outcome suicide attempt risk; MR methods/sensitivity analyses in parentheses. Gi instrument variants, EA educational attainment, CP cognitive performance, Income average household income before tax, MR Mendelian randomization, MVMR multivariable MR, SVMR single-variable MR, IVW inverse-variance weighted MR, MR-PRESSO Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy Residual Sum, and Outlier, SNP single-nucleotide polymorphism. Instruments used were the genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10−8) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) extracted from each of the educational attainment (EA) and cognitive performance (CP) GWASs, as well as from each of the confounders, for the SVMR analyses, combined for the MVMR analyses, that were independent at a linkage disequilibrium (LD) r2 < 0.001, with clumping distance set at 10,000 kb, and found in each of the outcome suicide attempt risk GWASs.