Estimation and influence of blood loss under endoscope for percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD): a clinical observational study combined with in vitro experiment

摘要

Graphic abstract (PELD, percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy; HCT-M, hematocrit method; RBC-M, red blood cell count method; Direct-M, direct measurement method; EMP-M, empirical method)