Diverse interactions and ecosystem engineering can stabilize community assembly

摘要

Multitype interactions between species (colored nodes) and abiotic modifiers (black nodes). Trophic and mutualistic relationships define both species–species (S–S) and species–modifier (S–M) interactions; an engineering interaction is denoted by an engineer that makes a modifier, such that the modifier needs the engineer to persist. An assembling food web with species (color denotes trophic level) and modifiers. The basal resource is the white node at the bottom of the network. The corresponding adjacency matrix with colors denoting interactions between species and modifiers. A species (*) can colonize a community when a single trophic and all service requirements are met. Greater vulnerability increases the risk of primary extinction via competitive exclusion (competition denoted by dashed line) to species (†). The extinction of species (†) will cascade to affect those connected by trophic (††) and service (†††) dependencies.