Comprehensive landscape of extracellular vesicle-derived RNAs in cancer initiation progression metastasis and cancer immunology

摘要

Extracellular vesicle biogenesis and secretion in donor cells as well as its interaction with and intracellular fate in recipient cells. Microvesicles directly shed from the plasma membrane, where budding microdomains undergo phosphatidylserine translocation and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. By contrast, exosomes originate from endosomal pathway. Deriving from endocytosis, early sorting endosomes accumulate ILVs within the endosomal lumen and then mature into MVEs, where ESCRT components, ceramide, tetraspanins and syntenin could act in parallel or separately to recruit exosomal cargoes and generate ILVs. At this checkpoint, the MVEs can either enter into autophagy-lysosome pathway or exosomal secretion pathway. of note, amphisomes can either fuse with lysosomes or the plasm membrane. Upon secretion into extracellular space, exosomes and microvesicles can bind to the recipient cell surface via ligand-receptor or glycoprotein interactions and initiate signaling, uptake and fusion processes, contributing to transfer functional messages and cellular phenotypes. MVE (multivesicular endosome), EV (extracellular vesicle), PM (the plasma membrane), Ub (ubiquitin), ECM (extracellular matrix), ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport), SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor)