The Most Influential Scientists in the Development of Public Health (4): Andrija Stampar (1888-1958)

摘要

Andrija Stampar (Drenovac, September 1, 1888–Zagreb, June 26, 1958) was a distinguished scientist in the field of Social medicine from Croatia ( ) ( - ). He enrolled at the Medical School in Vienna in 1906, which was at the time the most important medical center in the world. As a medical student, he initiated the editing of medical papers and wrote pamphlets and articles with the intention of educating people in health matters. In 1909 in Nova Gradiška he started publishing the series called Public Health Library discussing numerous topics regarding health and prevention ( ). On 23 December 1911, he was awarded the title of Doctor of Universal Medicine (doctor medicinae universae). On 1 January 1912, Dr. Stampar started working at the town hospital at Karlovac and remained at this post till 8 August 1913. He enrolled in the Croatian Medical Association, an organization of physicians, and published a few articles in their journal. In 1919, he attended the Congress of Inter-Allied Countries for Social Hygiene in Paris giving a lecture on children’s health. It showed at that time that he had a clear concept of organizing the public health service. Andrija Stampar is universally known as “the man of action”. It was justifiable that he, although only 31 years old, he principal of the former Yugoslav Health Service in Belgrade (Beograd). Thanks to Stampar’s endeavours, a special Institute of Social Medicine was founded affiliated with the University of Zagreb School of Medicine ( , ). From 1924 he was the member of several international expert committees, which through his efforts received grants from the Rockefeller Foundation. King Alexander’s dictatorship suddenly put a stop to his work at the Ministry of Public Health in 1930 and, in 1931, he was put on the retired list by the King’s decree and came into personal conflict with King Alexander due to his refusal to enter the government. He was offered the portfolio of the Minister of the Interior, but he refused and asked for free elections as a condition. From 1931 to 1933, Štampar was permanently employed as the expert of the Health Organization ( ) ( ). He entered upon a new kind of work; study travels, extensive lecturing in different parts of the world, confronting health problems at the international level. From October 1931 till January 1932, Stampar was in the United States and Canada as the guest of the Rockefeller Foundation. The League of Nations also entrusted him with the task of acquainting himself with the work of a special American Committee dealing with the costs of medical care. He also spent time in China. The Health Organization sent him as an advisor to help the Chinese health administration in the control of the mass infectious diseases that cropped up after devastating floods in 1931. In 1936, he received an offer from the Secretary General of the League of Nations for the post of an expert at the Health Organization in Geneva. In 1938, he received an invitation from Harvard University in Boston, where he delivered a lecture. After Boston, he toured a great part of North America and lectured on hygiene and social medicine at a series of universities (Yale, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Cincinnati, Vanderbilt, McHarry, Tulane, Texas, Los Angeles, Berkeley, Portland, Minnesota, Toronto, McGill, Columbia, Galvestone). A statue has been dedicated to Dr. Stampar in Morocco for his work in curing malaria. Andrija Stampar founded School of Public Health in Zagreb in 1927. By the decree of 5 March 1939, eight years after his election as full professor of Hygiene and Social Medicine in Zagreb, he finally became a professor at Zagreb University ( , ). Elected by the Council of the Medical School in Zagreb, Stampar became the Dean of the School for the academic year 1940/41. With the energy so characteristic of him, he set to work on the reform of medical training. On the third day of the occupation of Zagreb, Stampar was arrested by the Ustaša police. Released, he was arrested again by the German police and sent to Graz, where he was imprisoned and interned until the arrival of the Soviet Red Army. On his return in May 1945, he resumed his duty as Professor of Hygiene and Social Medicine at the Medical School and became head of the School of Public Health in Zagreb. The International Health Conference held in New York in the summer of 1946 was attended by the official representatives of 51 nations. With only a few minor alterations, they accepted the draft of the World Health Organization (WHO). The First World Health Assembly was called with the ratification of the WHO Constitution. It was in session from 24 June to 24 July 1948. in Geneva, Stampar was elected as the first President of the Assembly unanimously ( , ). At the 8th regular session of WHO in Mexico City, in 1955, Stampar was awarded the Leon Bernard Foundation Prize and Medal, the greatest international recognition of merit in the field of social medicine. Stampar was the Rector of Zagreb University for the academic year 1945/46. In 1952, he was again elected the Dean of the Medical School, for 5 years consecutively. He also had an important role in founding of the Medical School at Rijeka in 1955. In 1992, an award was proposed and inaugurated by the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region [ASPHER] in the name of Andrija Stampar, a public health expert of enormous global prestige. He gave his name to the Zagreb School of public health and became a founding father of World Health Organization. Leo Kaprio and Donald Acheson were the first two recipients of the prestigious Stampar medal, which bears his aphorism “investing in public health harvests rich rewards”.