The Green Revolution shaped the population structure of the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

摘要

Historical frequency of pv. ( ) outbreaks in the Philippines in response to deployment during 45 years. A bar chart centered on the proportion of strains that shows virulent (light gray) or avirulent (dark gray) phenotypes on . The orange solid line constitutes the percentage of released rice varieties containing in the Philippines. A heat map based on the distribution of races collected from 1970 to 2015. The green solid line embedded in the heat map indicates the percentage of area planted with -containing rice varieties from 1985 to 2009 [ ]. Furthermore, the dashed black line describes the emergence of Race 9com as the most prevalent race after 1992. Race 9com represents different subgroups: 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d [ ]. The asterisk in Race 3 signifies genetically different populations with the same phenotypic reaction [ ]. Phenotypic information from 1822 strains was used (Additional Data  )