Mine land rehabilitation in Brazil: Goals and techniques in the context of legal requirements

摘要

The concept of degradation (1), ecological restoration (2) and alternative pathways, such as rehabilitation (3), substitution (4), and abandonment (5) in terms of ecosystem functioning and structure as defined by the Society of Ecological Restoration (SER ). In addition to possessing higher performance of ecosystem functions and more complex and diverse structures, restored ecosystems differ from all other possible outcomes after degradation in their natural resilience, i.e., the ability to recover from disturbances without external inputs. Substituted ecosystems include all kinds of managed agro-ecosystems; abandoned ecosystems are, for example, areas invaded by exotic species without human interference. The term rehabilitation refers to any enhancement with respect to ecosystem functioning and structure, independent of whether full restoration is achieved