Publications that compare randomized controlled trial and cohort study results on the effects of postmenopausal estrogen plus progestin therapy are reviewed. The 2 types of studies agree in identifying an early elevation in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, and a later — developing elevation in breast cancer risk. Effects among women who begin hormone therapy within a few years following the menopause may be comparatively more favorable for CHD and less favorable for breast cancer. These analyses illustrate the potential of modern data analysis methods to enhance the reliability and interpretation of epidemiologic data.
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