Jawless vertebrates use variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) comprised of leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) segments as counterparts of the immunoglobulin based receptors that jawed vertebrates use for antigen recognition. Highly diverse VLR genes are somatically assembled by the insertion of variable LRR sequences into incomplete germline VLRA and VLRB genes. Here we show that VLRA and VLRB anticipatory receptors are expressed by separate lymphocyte populations through monoallelic VLRA or VLRB assembly in concert with expression of Cytosine deaminase 1 or Cytosine deaminase 2, respectively. Distinctive gene expression profiles for VLRA+ and VLRB+ lymphocytes resemble those of mammalian T and B cells. Although both VLRA and VLRB cells proliferate in response to antigenic stimulation, only the VLRB lymphocytes bind native antigens and differentiate into VLR antibody secreting cells. Conversely, VLRA lymphocytes respond preferentially to a classical T cell mitogen and upregulate their expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes, IL-17 and MIF. The finding of T-like and B-like lymphocytes in lampreys offers new insight into the evolution of adaptive immunity.
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