Urinary Excretion Kinetics of 34-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA Ecstasy) and Its Phase I and Phase II Metabolites in Humans following Controlled MDMA Administration

摘要

BACKGROUND3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is excreted in human urine as unchanged drug and phase I and II metabolites. Previous urinary excretion studies after controlled oral MDMA administration have been performed only after conjugate cleavage. Therefore, we investigated intact MDMA glucuronide and sulfate metabolite excretion.