Transcription Blockage by Bulky End-Termini at Single-Strand Breaks in the DNA Template: Differential Effects of 5′ and 3′ Adducts

摘要

RNA polymerases from phage-infected bacteria and mammalian cells have been shown to bypass single-strand breaks (SSBs) with a single nucleotide gap in the template DNA strand during transcription elongation; however, the SSB bypass efficiency varies significantly depending upon the backbone end-chemistries at the break. Using a reconstituted T7 phage transcription system (T7 RNAP) and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in HeLa cell nuclear extracts, we observe a slight reduction in transcription arrest at SSBs with no gap as compared to those with a single nucleotide gap. We have shown that biotin and carbon-chain moieties linked to the 3′ side, and in select cases the 5′ side, of a SSB in the template strand strongly increase transcription arrest when compared to unmodified SSBs. We also find that a small carbon-chain moiety linked to the upstream side of a SSB aids transcriptional bypass of SSBs for both T7 RNAP and RNAP II. Analysis of transcription across SSBs flanked by bulky 3′ adducts reveals the ability of 3′ end-chemistries to arrest T7 RNAP in a size dependent manner. T7 RNAP is also completely arrested when 3′ adducts or 3′-phosphate groups are placed opposite 5′-phosphate groups at a SSB. We have also observed that a biotinylated thymine in the template strand (without a break) does not pose a strong block to transcription. Taken together these results emphasize the importance of the size of 3′, but usually not the 5′, end-chemistries in arresting transcription at SSBs, substantiating the notion that bulky 3′ lesions (e.g. topoisomerase cleavable complexes, 3′-phosphoglycolates and 3′-unsaturated aldehydes) pose very strong blocks to transcribing RNA polymerases. These findings have implications for the processing of DNA damage through SSB intermediates and the mechanism of SSB bypass by T7 RNAP and mammalian RNAPII.