Tissue engineering is replete with methods for inducing and mediating cell differentiation, which are crucial for ensuring proper regrowth of desired tissues. In this study, we developed a 3D-printed, non-positive Poisson's Ratio (NPPR) scaffold intended for future use in stretch-mediated cell differentiation applications, such as in muscle and tendon regeneration. We utilized dynamic optical projection stereolithography (DOPsL) to fabricate multi-layered, cell-laden NPPR scaffolds – these scaffolds can not only support aggregate cell growth, but can also be printed with locally-tunable force-displacement properties at length scales appropriate for tissue interaction. These NPPR multilayered mesh scaffolds can be embedded into highly elastic hydrogels in order to couple a reduced NPPR behavior to a normally Positive Poisson's Ratio (PPR) solid bulk material. This hybrid structure may potentially enable induced ‘auxetic’ behavior at the single-cell scale while tuning the Poisson's Ratio to a more isolated value. This would be uniquely suited for providing stretch-mediated effects for various cell-types within the tendon-to-muscle tissue transition.
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