Maternal ambient heat exposure during early pregnancy in summer and spring and congenital heart defects – A large US population-based case-control study

摘要

Background/objectiveFew studies have assessed the effect of ambient heat during the fetal development period on congenital heart defects (CHDs), especially in transitional seasons. We examined and compared the associations between extreme heat and CHD phenotypes in summer and spring, assessed their geographical differences, and compared different heat indicators.