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Counterfactual Evaluation of Outcomes in Social Risk Decision-MakingSituations: The Cognitive Developmental Paradox Revisited

机译:社会风险决策结果的反事实评估情境:重新审视认知发展悖论

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摘要

We report a study that examined the existence of a cognitive developmental paradox in the counterfactual evaluation of decision-making outcomes. According to this paradox adolescents and young adults could be able to apply counterfactual reasoning and, yet, their counterfactual evaluation of outcomes could be biased in a salient socio-emotional context. To this aim, we analyzed the impact of health and social feedback on the counterfactual evaluation of outcomes in a laboratory decision-making task involving short narratives with the presence of peers. Forty risky (e.g., taking or refusing a drug), forty neutral decisions (e.g., eating a hamburger or a hotdog), and emotions felt following positive or negative outcomes were examined in 256 early, mid- and late adolescents, and young adults, evenly distributed. Results showed that emotional ratings to negative outcomes (regret and disappointment) but not to positive outcomes (relief and elation) were attenuated when feedback was provided. Evidence of development of cognitive decision-making capacities did also exist, as the capacity to perform faster emotional ratings and to differentially allocate more resources to the elaboration of emotional ratings when no feedback information was available increased with age. Overall, weinterpret these findings as challenging the traditional cognitive developmentalassumption that development necessarily proceeds from lesser to greatercapacities, reflecting the impact of socio-emotional processes that could biasthe counterfactual evaluation of social decision-making outcomes.
机译:我们报告了一项研究,该研究检查了决策结果的反事实评估中认知发展悖论的存在。根据这一悖论,青少年和年轻人可能能够运用反事实推理,但是,他们对结果的反事实评估可能会在明显的社会情感环境中产生偏差。为此,我们在涉及同伴在场的简短叙述的实验室决策任务中,分析了健康和社会反馈对结果的反事实评估的影响。在256个早期,中期和晚期青少年以及年轻人中检查了四十个风险(例如服用或拒绝毒品),四十个中立的决定(例如吃汉堡包或热狗)以及积极或消极结果后的情绪,平均分配。结果表明,提供反馈后,对消极结果(遗憾和失望)但对积极结果(缓解和兴高采烈)的情感评价减弱。确实存在发展认知决策能力的证据,因为随着年龄的增长,在没有反馈信息的情况下,执行更快的情感评分和有区别地分配更多资源来制定情感评分的能力也随之增加。总体而言,我们将这些发现解释为对传统认知发展的挑战假设发展必然从小到大能力,反映了可能会偏向社会情感过程的影响对社会决策结果的反事实评估。

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