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Simulation of carbon allocation and organ growth variability in apple tree by connecting architectural and source–sink models

机译:通过连接建筑模型和源库模型模拟苹果树中的碳分配和器官生长变异性

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摘要

>Background and aims Plant growth depends on carbon availability and allocation among organs. QualiTree has been designed to simulate carbon allocation and partitioning in the peach tree (Prunus persica), whereas MappleT is dedicated to the simulation of apple tree (Malus × domestica) architecture. The objective of this study was to couple both models and adapt QualiTree to apple trees to simulate organ growth traits and their within-tree variability.>Methods MappleT was used to generate architectures corresponding to the ‘Fuji’ cultivar, accounting for the variability within and among individuals. These architectures were input into QualiTree to simulate shoot and fruit growth during a growth cycle. We modified QualiTree to account for the observed shoot polymorphism in apple trees, i.e. different classes (long, medium and short) that were characterized by different growth function parameters. Model outputs were compared with observed 3D tree geometries, considering shoot and final fruit size and growth dynamics.>Key Results The modelling approach connecting MappleT and QualiTree was appropriate to the simulation of growth and architectural characteristics at the tree scale (plant leaf area, shoot number and types, fruit weight at harvest). At the shoot scale, mean fruit weight and its variability within trees was accurately simulated, whereas the model tended to overestimate individual shoot leaf area and underestimate its variability for each shoot type. Varying the parameter related to the intensity of carbon exchange between shoots revealed that behaviour intermediate between shoot autonomy and a common assimilate pool was required to properly simulate within-tree fruit growth variability. Moreover, the model correctly dealt with the crop load effect on organ growth.>Conclusions This study provides understanding of the integration of shoot ontogenetic properties, carbon supply and transport between entities for simulating organ growth in trees. Further improvements regarding the integration of retroaction loops between carbon allocation and the resulting plant architecture are expected to allow multi-year simulations.
机译:>背景和目标植物的生长取决于碳的可获得性和器官之间的分配。 QualiTree被设计为模拟桃树(Prunus persica)中的碳分配和分配,而MappleT专门用于模拟苹果树(Malus×domestica)架构。这项研究的目的是将这两种模型结合起来,并使QualiTree适应苹果树,以模拟器官生长特征及其树内变异性。>方法,使用MappleT来生成与“富士”品种相对应的结构,解释个体内部和个体之间的变异性。这些架构被输入到QualiTree中以模拟生长周期中的枝条和果实生长。我们修改了QualiTree以解决苹果树中观察到的芽多态性,即以不同的生长功能参数为特征的不同类别(长,中和短)。考虑到枝条和最终果实的大小以及生长动态,将模型输出与观察到的3D树木几何形状进行比较。>主要结果将MappleT和QualiTree连接起来的建模方法适合于在树规模上模拟生长和建筑特征(植物叶面积,枝条数量和类型,收获时的果实重量)。在枝条尺度上,平均果实重量及其在树内的变异性得到了精确模拟,而该模型往往高估了单个枝条叶的面积,而低估了每种枝条类型的变异性。改变与枝条之间的碳交换强度有关的参数表明,要正确模拟树内果实的生长变异性,需要在枝条自治与普通同化池之间的行为居中。此外,该模型正确处理了农​​作物负荷对器官生长的影响。>结论。本研究提供了对芽的个体发育特性,碳供应和实体之间的运输进行整合以模拟树木器官生长的理解。关于碳分配与产生的工厂架构之间的回溯循环集成的进一步改进,有望实现多年的模拟。

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