Congenital ocular anomalies such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia (AM) are severe craniofacial malformations in human. The etiologies of these ocular globe anomalies are diverse but the genetic origin appears to be a predominant cause. Until recently, genetic diagnosis capability was rather limited in AM patients and only a few genes were available for routine genetic testing. While some issues remain poorly understood, knowledge regarding the molecular basis of AM dramatically improved over the last years with the development of new molecular screening technologies. Thus, the genetic cause is now identifiable in more than 50% of patients with a severe bilateral eye phenotype and in around 30% of all AM patients taken together. Such advances in the knowledge of these genetic bases are important as they improve the quality of care, in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, and genetic counseling delivered to the patients and their families.
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