In order to improve the spatial resolution of time-domain (TD) fluorescence molecular lifetime tomography (FMLT), an accelerated nonlinear orthogonal matching pursuit (ANOMP) algorithm is proposed. As a kind of nonlinear greedy sparsity-constrained methods, ANOMP can find an approximate solution of L0 minimization problem. ANOMP consists of two parts, i.e., the outer iterations and the inner iterations. Each outer iteration selects multiple elements to expand the support set of the inverse lifetime based on the gradients of a mismatch error. The inner iterations obtain an intermediate estimate based on the support set estimated in the outer iterations. The stopping criterion for the outer iterations is based on the stability of the maximum reconstructed values and is robust for problems with targets at different edge-to-edge distances (EEDs). Phantom experiments with two fluorophores at different EEDs and in vivo mouse experiments demonstrate that ANOMP can provide high quantification accuracy, even if the EED is relatively small, and high resolution.
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