Association between arsenic cadmium manganese and lead levels in private wells and birth defects prevalence in North Carolina: a semi-ecologic study

摘要

BackgroundToxic metals including arsenic, cadmium, manganese, and lead are known human developmental toxicants that are able to cross the placental barrier from mother to fetus. In this population-based study, we assess the association between metal concentrations in private well water and birth defect prevalence in North Carolina.