Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with celiac axis occlusion using pancreaticoduodenal arcade as a challenging alternative route

摘要

IntroductionCeliac axis occlusion is a challenging condition when catheterization of the hepatic artery is required for chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As a result, the hepatic artery has to be catheterized through the pancreaticoduodenal arcades (PDA) and the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) which is a tortuous course with acute angles and small caliber branches.