基于森林调查分类的天山北坡森林景观特征分析

摘要

[目的]干旱区山区森林景观具有显著的空间异质分布特性,景观中特征的不同梯度分布,制约着景观的各种生态过程.将景观生态学方法引入到森林资源定量分析及科学评价,可为森林资源调查提供一种新的分析评价工具.[方法]在森林资源规划设计调查土地分类的基础上,运用景观生态学原理,采用景观指数法,通过ArcGIS和Fragstats软件对天山北坡沙湾林场7种景观类型的格局进行分析.所使用的景观格局指标包括平均斑块面积、平均斑块周长、斑块密度、边缘密度、景观形状指数、聚集度、海拔、坡度、坡向等.[结果]沙湾林场景观类型丰富度较低,且各景观类型拥有的斑块数分布很不均匀.从面积来看,以未利用地面积最大,为林场森林景观的基质；针叶林景观、国家特别规定灌木林景观是沙湾林场的主要森林景观类型,是沙湾林场森林资源的重要组成部分,其景观面积分别占13.95％、8.71％；并且受地形因子影响,各类型景观分布很不均匀.[结论]景观生态学可以在森林资源规划设计调查土地分类的基础上根据森林、林地和林木资源的种类、数量、质量与分布,为综合分析与评价森林资源与经营管理现状提供有效分析方法.%[ Objective] Mountain forest landscape of arid areas has significant heterogeneity of the spatial distribution, and different gradient distribution of landscape features restrict varieties of ecological processes of the landscape. The landscape ecology method was introduced to the quantitative analysis and scientific evaluation of the forest resources, which could provide a new tool of analysis and evaluation for the survey of forest resources. [Method]Based on the classification of forest resource plan design and land inventory, with the landscape ecological theory, by the method of landscape index, the paper analyzed 7 kinds of landscape patterns in Shawan Forest Station using the ArcGIS and Fragstats software. The indicators used to evaluate landscape patterns adopted included mean patch area,mean patch perimeter, patch density, landscape shape index, aggregation index, elevation, slope, aspect and so on. [Result] The results showed that: landscape patterns in Shawan Forest Station were not rich, and the distribution of number of patch in each pattern was uneven. From the area of the patch, forest station was dominated by unused landscape. The coniferous forest landscape (13.95%) and the shrubbery landscape (8.71%) were the main forest landscape type and the main components of forest resources in Shawan forest. And various types of landscape distribution are very uneven because of the impact of terrain. [ Conclusion ] Based on the classification of forest resource plan design and land inventory, landscape ecology offered actual method to analyze and appraise forest reservation and operation control that is based on type, number, quality and distribution of forest resources.