Fistula-in-ano is the most common form of perineal sepsis.Typically,a fistula includes an internal opening,a track,and an external opening.The external opening might acutely appear following infection and/or an abscess,or more insiduously in a chronic manner.Management includes control of infection,assessment of the fistulous track in relation to the anal sphincter muscle,and finally,definitive treatment of the fistula.Fistulotomy was the most commonly used mode of management,but concerns about post-fistulotomy incontinence prompted the use of sphincter preserving techniques such as advancement flaps,fibrin glue,collagen fistula plug,ligation of the intersphincteric fistula track,and stem cells.Many descriptive and comparative studies have evaluated these different techniques with variable outcomes.The lack of consistent results,level I evidence,or long-term follow-up,as well as the heterogeneity of fistula pathology has prevented a definitive treatment algorithm.This article will review the most commonly available modalities and techniques for managing idiopathic fistula-in-ano.
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