施肥对油橄榄生长量、有效花芽比例及产量的影响

摘要

为明确主要营养元素的合理配施，提高油橄榄幼树成枝能力及成年树有效花芽比例和单位面积产量，以幼树盆栽和大田随机区组2种方式，设计单因素和多因素正交试验，研究施肥对幼树生长量及成年树新梢生长量、有效花芽比例及产量的影响。结果表明：N、P、K 元素的适量施入均能明显提高油橄榄幼树枝条萌发能力，平均比对照生长量增加51.71%，各元素最佳施入量分别是 N 125 g、P 150 g、K 100 g，其中 N 元素施入对新梢生长促进作用最为明显，为对照的2.05倍，适量 P 元素对新梢生长有促进作用，施入过度反而会抑制幼树新梢生长，幼树生长对 K 元素施入量变化不敏感。5因素4水平正交试验结果表明：各元素施入对促进油橄榄新梢生长的最优组合为 N 50 g、P 200 g、K 50 g、B 150 g、Zn 50 g，比对照增加81.05%。各元素施入提高有效花芽比例最优组合为 N 100 g、P 150 g、K 50 g、B 200 g、Zn 125 g，比对照增加51.31%。影响油橄榄单株产量的最佳组合为 N 25 g、P 50 g、K 100 g、B 100 g、Zn 25 g，比对照增产76.67%。%In order to make clear the rational fertilization data of main nutrient elements, and to increase branching ability of young trees, effective flower bud ratio and yield per unit area of adult trees, single factor experiments and a multi factor orthogonal experiment were designed, and influences of fertilization on increments of young trees and adult trees, effective flower bud ratio, and yield were studied, through the two methods of potted young trees and field randomized block. The results showed that application amount of N, P, K could obviously increase the germination ability of young trees branches by 51.71% than CK on average. The best application amounts were N 125 g, P 150 g, and K 100 g. Fertilizing N element could most obviously promote growth of new shoots, which was 2.05 times as compared to CK. Appropriate amount of P element could improve growth of new shoots, and excessive application could inhibit it. The growth of young trees was not sensitive on application amount of K element. The results of the orthogonal experiment showed that the optimal element combination for promoting growth of olive new shoots was N 50 g, P 200 g, K 50 g, B 150 g, and Zn 50 g, which was increased by 81.05% than CK. The optimal element combination for improving effective flower bud ratio was N 100 g, P 150 g, K 50 g, B 200 g, and Zn 125 g, which was increased by 51.31% than CK. The optimal element combination for affecting yield per olive plant was N 25 g, P 50 g, K 100 g, B 100 g, and Zn 25 g, which was increased by 76.67% than CK.