喷灌定额和灌水频次对冬小麦产量及品质的影响分析

摘要

为了解圆形喷灌机不同灌溉定额和灌水频次对冬小麦产量及籽粒品质的影响,于2014-2016年在北京市顺义区进行了水肥一体化大田试验,共设置3种灌水处理(W1、W2、W3),其中2014-2015年灌溉定额分别为135、112.5、90 mm,2015-2016年分别为154.5、132、109.5 mm.每种处理在冬小麦的返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗和抽穗-灌浆期土壤含水率分别达到田间持水量的70％、75％和75％时进行灌水.每个生育时期又按灌水定额设置为1次灌水(C1)和均分成2次灌水(C2),其中C2处理2次灌水时间间隔为9d.试验结果表明,冬小麦拔节-抽穗期的阶段耗水量和日均耗水量均最大,W1处理产量最高.2015-2016年灌溉定额与灌水频次对水分利用效率的影响均不显著,但水分利用效率有随灌溉定额增加而降低的趋势,最大水分利用效率为W3处理的2.28 kg/m3.在W1和W2处理下,分2次灌水有利于提高冬小麦的穗数、产量和容重等指标,其中W1C2组合获得最高产量9 286.4 kg/hm2.灌溉定额与灌水频次组合对产量的效应中,灌溉定额起主导作用.建议北京地区冬小麦在圆形喷灌机条件下采用W1C2灌水方案,在返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-灌浆期分别灌水45、55.5、54 mm,且均分成2次灌水.%To explore the effects of different irrigation quotas and irrigation frequencies on winter wheat yield and grain quality under center pivot irrigation system,a field experiment on fertigation of winter wheat was carried out in 2014-2016 at Shunyi District,Beijing.Three irrigation treatments (W1,W2 and W3) were investigated with irrigation quotas of 135 mm,112.5 mm and 90 mm in 2014-2015,and 154.5 mm,132 mm and 109.5 mm in 2015-2016,respectively.Irrigations were applied at recovering-jointing stage,jointing-heading stage and heading-grain filling stage respectively,as the soil water content reached 70％,75％ and 75％ of the field capacity,respectively.Each irrigation was sprayed at one time (C1) or at two times (C2) with equal irrigation amount at 9 d interval.The results showed that both the total water consumption and the average daily consumption of winter wheat from jointing to heading stage were the largest,and the highest yield was achieved under W1 treatment.The effects of the irrigation quota and irrigation frequency on water use efficiency were not significant in 2015-2016.The water use efficiency was decreased with the increase of irrigation quota,and the largest water use efficiency was 2.28 kg/m3 at W3 treatment.Under the treatments of W1 and W2,the irrigation at two times can improve the spike number,yield and bulk density of winter wheat.The maximum yield was 9 286.4 kg/hm2 under the treatment of W1C2.The irrigation quota had more effect on wheat yield than irrigation frequency.Comprehensively,an effective method of irrigation was suggested for winter wheat in Beijing at recovering-jointing,jointing-heading and heading-grain filling stages with 45 mm,55.5 mm and 54 mm,respectively.Each irrigation could be applied equally at two times under center pivot irrigation system.