为提高我国北方旱地作物的水分利用效率,探索可降解类型地膜的应用前景,在山西省农科院东阳试验基地,于2015年和2016年连续定点定位设置普通地膜、渗水地膜、生物降解地膜、光降解地膜4种不同类型地膜覆盖模式,以不铺膜为对照,研究不同类型地膜覆盖模式对农田水热效应和玉米产量的影响.研究结果表明:4种覆膜处理下的土壤温度在生育前期土表处分别较不铺膜处理高3.1 ~ 5.9℃;渗水地膜和生物降解地膜处理的水分利用效率显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),光降解地膜和普通地膜处理次之,不铺膜对照处理最低,渗水地膜、光降解地膜、生物降解地膜、普通地膜处理的水分利用效率分别较对照高11.0、5.9、12.8、5.4 kg/(mm·hm2).产量方面,与对照相比较,渗水地膜、光降解地膜、生物降解地膜、普通地膜处理2015年的增产率分别为20.3%、0.1%、15.4%、8.8%;2016年的增产率分别达到44.8%、36.1%、53.6%、31.6%,表现为生物降解地膜>渗水地膜>普通地膜>光降解地膜.地膜增温保墒作用下,处理之间的增产效果与水分利用效率变化协同,其中生物降解地膜能够显著提高玉米的水分利用效率及产量,在未来可替代普通地膜推荐应用到旱地玉米中,同时达到缓解农田残膜污染的效果.%A location experiment with different plastic film mulching was conducted in Dongyang Town of Shanxi Province in 2015 and 2016 in order to improve water use efficiency of dry farmland in north China and to explore the application prospect of degradable plastic film. 5 treatments of film mulching were designed:1, common plastic film mulching; 2, water-permeable plastic film mulching; 3, biodegradable plastic film mulching; 4, light degradation film mulching; and 5, no film mulching. The results showed that soil temperatures of film mulching were 3.1–5.9℃ higher than that of CK in the early growth stage. Water use efficiencies of 2, 4, 3 and 1 treatments were 11.0, 5.9, 12.8 and 5.4 kg/(mm·hm2) higher than that of CK. Yield increase rates of 2, 4, 3 and 1 treatments were 20.3%, 0.1%, 15.4% and 8.8% higher than that of CK in 2015, respectively; and were 44.8%, 36.1%, 53.6% and 31.6% higher than that of CK in 2016, respectively. The performance was in an order of biodegradable film > water-permeable film > general film > light degradation film. Yield increasing effect was consistent with water use efficiency attributed to the remarkable effects of film mulching on soil moisture and temperature. The biodegradable plastic film can significantly improve water use efficiency and maize yield, thus and can replace common mulch film in corn production in dry land in the future, which is also helpful in alleviating residual film pollution in farmland.
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