清代食盐的运销体制

摘要

In Qing Dynasty, the modes of salt transportation and marketing were as follows: sold by merchant under the supervision of government, transported by government and sold by merchant, transported and sold by government, transported and sold by merchant, transported by merchant and sold by civilian, transported and sold by civilian, and sold by civilian under the supervision of government. In the early Qing, the prevailing mode is“sold by merchant under the supervision of government”, and others as complements. But this mode was implemented differently in different areas, and varied with time. In the late Qing, the change of salt transportation and marketing system was even greater. In this reform, two modes are worth particular attention: the mode of salt transported by government and sold by merchant, represented by Sichuan, and the mode of salt transported and sold by government, represented by the Northeast.%清代食盐有官督商销、官运商销、官运官销、商运商销、商运民销、民运民销、官督民销等多种方式。清代前期以官督商销为主流，其他为辅助。但即使是官督商销，各盐区也有所不同，前后也多有变化。晚清的运销体制变化更大。在晚清的运销变制中，以四川为代表的官运商销和以东北为代表的官运官销值得特别注意。