National Astronomical Observatories;
Chinese Academy of Sciences;
Beijing 100012;
China;
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics;
School of Physics and Astronomy;
the University of Manchester;
Oxford Road;
Manchester M13 9PL;
UK;
galaxies:abundances; galaxies:formation; galaxies:individual (NGC 1248; NGC 3838; NGC 4452; NGC 4551); galaxies:kinematics and dynamics; galaxies:structure; methods:numerical;