School and Hospital of Stomatology;
China Medical University;
Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases;
Shenyang 110002;
China;
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science;
Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials(Ministry of Education);
School of Materials Science and Engineering;
Northeastern University;
Shenyang 110819;
China;
Department of Electromechanical Engineering;
University of Macao;
Avenida da Universidade;
Taipa;
Macao;
China;
Copper; Titanium alloys; Biofilm; Antibacterial property; Streptococcus mutans;