人工纳米材料与植物的相互作用:植物毒性、吸收和传输

摘要

With the rapid development and wide application of nanotechnology in recent years, increasing amount of manufactured nanomaterials will inevitably enter the environment. The presence of nanomaterials in the environment can have negative effects on both environment and human health, which has been attracted much attention. Many studies have suggested the potential toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials to bacteria and aquatic and terrestrial animals and plants. Plants comprise a very important living component of terrestrial ecosystems. On one hand, nanomaterials will influence plant growth and development. On the other hand, plant metabolic activities will affect transformation and fate of nanomaterials in the environment as well as their transportation in food chain. However, up to now studies about the interactions between nanomaterials and plants have been largely ignored, and most of the publications are limited to explanations of phenomena observed. For example, the available studies on nano-phytotoxicity have focused mainly on toxicity symptoms of plants or plant cells, and failed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the phytotoxicity of nanomaterials, as well as the uptake, translocation and accumulations of nanomaterials by plants. Moreover, different or even opposite conclusions have been drawn from the researches. Therefore, it is necessary to have a systematic review of the available researches in this field. Here we present a comprehensive review of the studies about the interaction of nanomaterials and plants including the phytotoxicity of nanomaterials and the uptake and translocation of nanomaterials by plants at the whole plant and cellular levels.%近十几年来纳米科技取得了突飞猛进的发展,人工纳米材料的应用日益广泛,势必导致大量纳米材料进入生态环境中,因此纳米材料可能带来的环境污染和生态效应也受到了高度关注.越来越多的研究表明,纳米材料对微生物、水生和陆生动物和植物都具有一定的毒性效应.植物是生态系统的重要组成部分,一方面纳米材料可能影响植物的发育与生长；另一方面,植物的代谢活动会影响纳米材料在环境中的迁移转化行为及其在食物网中的传递.但是,目前关于纳米材料与植物相互作用的研究还十分匮乏,多数研究只局限于相互作用导致的表观现象,例如:毒性的研究多关注于纳米材料对植物或植物细胞的表观毒性效应,缺乏对致毒机制的探讨；纳米材料的植物吸收和传输研究也仅停留在现象观察阶段,缺乏对吸收与传输机理的深入研究.而且很多研究结论还存在较大的争议,因此非常有必要对相关的研究进展与结论做全面梳理.本文综述了近年来关于纳米材料与植物相互作用的研究,从植株到植物细胞水平讨论了不同纳米材料对植物的毒性效应以及纳米材料的植物吸收和传输过程.