The article metaphorizes the relationship of extra-system actors with the world's dominant international system as a'jostle-to-board-the -train Game Model,'and transplants the disadvantaged group theory of domestic sociology to international relations.On the basis of this the author proposes a loss-driven model to explain the self-destructive asymmetric conflicts in the world today.As the result of two climaxes in the jostle to board the train games,the author argues that three structural changes have occurred:centralization of power,institutionalization,and legitimization in the international system.These changes have created a'spindle-shaped'system structure with international disadvantaged groups taking a passive role.Although this structure is highly stable, channels for international disadvantaged groups to express their interests are blocked.As the net losers in the established system and order, international disadvantaged groups have no alternative but to follow the loss-driven model to confront the strong.Their action of'beating stone with eggs'is surely not capable of overthrowing the whole system,but creates a significant potential threat to world stability and harmony.
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