秦汉医方命名内涵及演变探析

摘要

通过梳理秦至东汉末期简帛医方及传世医籍中的方名类型,分析各类方名的由来及内涵,考察秦汉方名演变的动因及具体情况,认为秦汉医方经历了症治型方名、人名类方名、药剂型方名向复合型方名的递变,反映出秦汉验方上升为理论之方的过程中,医方由民众流传取用转为医生传习运用.与此相应,方名由强调方用功效渐至关注组方机理.秦汉各类方名在后世得以沿用与整合,而由方名演变可知方名须简练、显性、好记、便用,呈现医方属性,辨明医方异同是医方命名的原则.%Through sorting out the prescription names recorded in the inscribed bamboo slips and silk,as well as in the medical documents handed down from Qin to the end of Eastern Han dynasties,we analyzed the origin,connotation and evolution of the prescription names and investigated their evolutionary causes.It is found that the prescription names in Qin and Han dynasties had gone through the progressive changes from disease and symptom type to people's name type,to drugs' name and dosage form type,and then to compound type,which reflected the phenomenon that in the progress of prescriptions in Qin and Han dynasties changing from experience prescriptions into theoretical prescriptions,the naming principles of the prescription had changed from public spread to doctors learning and practice.Correspondingly,what the prescription names emphasized had changed from their effects to their component mechanisms.In later generations,the prescription names of different types in Qin and Han dynasties had been used and integrated.The evolution of the prescription names showed that the name of the prescriptions should be concise,explicit,catchy and easy to use,and reflecting the nature of the prescription and distinguishing the prescriptions should be the naming principles for the prescription.