Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process occurring in multicellular organisms.There are some character-istic morphological changes ,including the emergence of plasmalemma ,nuclear condensation ,fragmentation,dissolution,and so on,until cell death.As the basic unit of the nervous system ,neurons have the functions of receiving ,processing and trans-mitting information.Various neurodegenerative diseases are related to apoptosis of neurons ,such as Huntington disease , Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.Mechanism of apoptosis of nerve cells is one of the focuses on all kinds of brain injury.Nerve cells play an important role in brain cognition ,learning and memory function,and how to inhibit the a poptosis of nerve cells is the priority among priorities against various brain injuries.In recent years,some progress has been made,for example,the high expression of myocardial related transcription factor A can inhibit the apoptosis of neurons ;Bcl-2 gene can inhibit neuronal apoptosis through a variety of mechanisms ;endotoxin preconditioning has neuroprotective effect;caspase-3 is a common downstream link of many kinds of apoptosis.Other physical and chemical factors are also closely related to neuronal apoptosis.%细胞发生凋亡时会出现一些特征性的形态变化,包括质膜出现凸起,核出现固缩、碎裂、溶解等,直至细胞死亡.神经元作为神经系统的基本单位,有接收处理传递信息的功能,多种神经退行性疾病均与神经细胞的凋亡有关,如亨廷顿病、帕金森病及阿尔茨海默病等.神经细胞的凋亡发生机制是各种脑损伤研究的重点之一,神经细胞对于脑的认知、学习、记忆功能具有重要作用,如何抑制神经细胞凋亡是拮抗各种脑损伤的重中之重.近年来取得了一定的进展,如心肌相关转录因子A的高表达可以抑制神经元的凋亡,Bcl-2基因能通过多种机制抑制神经元凋亡,内毒素预处理具有神经保护作用,胱天蛋白酶家族的胱天蛋白酶3更是多种凋亡发生的共同下游环节,另外一些理化因素与神经元凋亡也有密切关系.
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