大气压力制度是载人探月工程的顶层指标之一，需要从系统工程的角度出发，深入分析和研究，既要保证航天员安全、全力提高航天员月面出舱活动效能，还要具有工程实施的可行性和经济性。运用航天医学工程理论，从人体生理学、工程学角度，分析压力制度影响因素，提出发射和返回、地－月飞行、月面驻留和出舱活动等阶段的压力制度设计方案：航天器发射段和返回段采用（90～101�3）kPa氧、氮混合气，地月空间转移段总压逐步降低到（58±4）kPa，月球着陆停留阶段总压保持（58±4）kPa，月地飞行期间总压过渡到接近101�3 kPa，全程氧分压保持（21±2）kPa；登月服优先选用40 kPa纯氧压力，可向下兼容30 kPa纯氧。这种压力制度的既能满足人体生理学要求，也能满足工程可行性和经济性要求，还可避免月面出舱活动中的减压病风险。%Atmospheric pressure regime is one of the top design parameters for manned lunar exploration mission. It should be thoroughly researched to ensure the safety and high efficiency of astronauts, and to meet the engineering requirements of feasibility and economy at the same time. In this paper, the inter⁃actions between gaseous environment, human physiology, and technology were analyzed, and proposals of atmospheric pressure and composition for each stage of the mission were suggested including the launch, return, earth⁃moon transfer flight, lunar habitation and lunar surface EVA, et al. During the launch and return stage, (90~101. 3) kPa total pressure of oxygen and nitrogen mixture was selected. The total pressure gradually reduced to (58 ± 4) kPa during the earth⁃moon transfer period, and maintained at this level in the phase of lunar landing and lunar habitation. When flew back to the earth orbit, the total pressure was gradually elevated back to nearly 101. 3 kPa. The oxygen partial pressure maintained at (21 ± 2) kPa during all the phases. As to the lunar suit, 40 kPa pure oxygen was preferred, and 30 kPa pure oxygen was backwards compatible. The main advantage of this pressure regime proposal is that it could meet the human physiology requirements with lower engineering cost. Most of all, the decompres⁃sion sickness during lunar surface activity could be totally avoided.
展开▼
