We evaluated several different pre-oxidation treatments, namely the introduction of either potassium permanganate (KMnO4), chlorine (Cl2), or both to remove manganese (Mn) from the Qiantang River source water. Our results showed that Mn removal percentages were 12.7%, 71.0%, 17.4% and 58.7% when none of the oxidants, KMnO4 only, Cl2 only, or both oxidants were added, respectively. Furthermore, a field study showed that when the available Mn concentration in the source water was 0.14 mg/L, it could be reduced to less than 0.05 mg/L when a solution of KMnO4 (0.47 mg/L) was added as the oxidant.
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