血吸虫病疫区农村粪便无公害化处理系统卫生学效果评价

摘要

Objective To investigate the efficacies of three-squared septic tank and anti-fecal pollution treatment system in killing schistosome eggs and capacity to treat the domestic sewage. Methods Schistosome eggs obtained from the infected rabbits were respectively placed in the three-squared septic tank and anti-fecal pollution treatment system in the first tank, then were taken and hatched at day 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40, re⁃spectively for counting the miracidia. The wastewater was taken from the outlet of experimental reservoir A and B, respectively, and determined for the treatment effect and discharge value pertaining to chemical oxygen demand(COD), total phosphorus(TP) and total nitrogen(TN) by level B standard specified in“GB18918-2002 Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants”. Results Inactivation of the eggs re⁃quired 15 days for the "standard eggs" and "fecal residual eggs" in the reservoir A, and 15 days for "standard eggs"and 20 days for"fecal residual eggs”in reservoir B. By the GB18918-2002 discharge standard, the index of COD, TP and TN in the sewage obtained from the three-squared septic tank were seriously beyond the spe⁃cific standard, whereas the index for the three factors in the anti-fecal pollution treatment system were up to the standard in three tests. Conclusion Although both treatment techniques can thoroughly kill the schistosome eggs, yet anti-fecal pollution treatment system can be biologically efficacious in removing COD, TP and TN in the domestic sewage, leading to its discharge meeting the standard of level B in GB18918-2002.%目的：分析比较三格式户厕、粪便无公害化处理系统杀灭血吸虫卵的效果和处理生活污水的功效。方法将感染家兔后获得的血吸虫卵置于三格式户厕和粪便无公害化处理系统第一池中，在5、10、15、20、25和30天分别取出虫卵进行孵化，观察计算毛蚴数；采用GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级（B）标准，分别测定实验A组和实验B组出水口污水水样，分析COD、TP、TN的处理效率和排放值。结果粪便无公害化处理系统中“标准虫卵”和“粪渣虫卵”的虫卵灭活天数均为15天，在三格式无害化厕所中，“标准虫卵”的虫卵灭活天数为15天，“粪渣虫卵”的虫卵灭活天数为20天；对比GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级（B）标准，三格式无害化厕所污水中COD、TP、TN指标三次检测均严重超标，粪便无公害化处理系统污水经无公害化处理系统处理，三个指标三次检测均达标。结论三格式户厕、粪便无公害化处理系统杀灭血吸虫卵效果均为100%，但粪便无公害化处理系统经生态污水处理能有效去除生活污水中COD、TP、TN，使出水口水质达到GB18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级（B）标准。