拉丁美洲职业培训体系形成的历史背景及主要特征

摘要

The vocational training systems in Latin American countries were formed under specific econom-ic and technological,political,demographical and educational background.Owing to different historical trajectories and varied national conditions,Latin American countries established different kinds of voca-tional training systems.These systems,however,showed similar features in their formative stage.Latin American countries adopted a unique financing model called parafiscal contributions.The purpose of vo-cational training during 1960s and 1970s was to improve labor productivity of the modern sector and pro-vide skilled labors who could use complex technology in the manufacturing or industrial sectors.But only a small part of “blue -collar elites”were benefited from vocational training,whereas the most vulnerable groups in the non -formal sector employment were excluded.%拉丁美洲职业培训体系是在特定的国内外经济技术、政治、人口和教育发展等背景下形成的。虽然由于不同的历史和国情，拉丁美洲各国成立了类型各异的职业培训体系，但体现出的特征是相似的，形成了用财政保护税资助职业培训的独特的拉美模式。20世纪60－70年代拉美职业培训体系形成时期，培训的主要目的是提高现代化部门的劳动生产率，为制造业或工业部门提供能运用复杂技术的熟练劳动力，从而推动进口替代工业化总策略的发展。而由于历史形成的种种原因，这种职业培训体系实际上只惠及少数“蓝领精英”阶层，非正规部门从业的弱势群体则被排斥在职业培训之外。与基本实现性别平等的普通教育领域相比，职业培训体系中的性别歧视现象更加明显和严重。