Due to the continuously insufficient supply and the disadvantages associated with the donated blood, artificial blood substitute has received extensive attentions throughout the world in recent years.Nano-structured hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (NHOCs), in particular the liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) and hemoglobin-based polymeric nanoparticles (HbPNPs), which combine the nanotechnology with the traditional cellular oxygen carriers, have shown great potential applications in blood transfusion, thrombus and cancer therapy as well.The present article firstly reports on the current status of the synthesis, properties, clinical trial and application of the LEH and HbPNPs.And then, attentions are devoted to highlight the main challenges and the proposed strategies of the NHOCs with the respect of suppression of the methemoglobin formation and prolonging the blood circulation time.These results make us confident in advancing further development of NHOCs, with the expectation of their eventual commercialization.
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