China Institute of Urban Governance;
School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
China Institute of Urban Governance;
School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
public-private partnership (PPP); value for money (VFM); uncertainty; Monte Carlo simulation model; discounted cash flow (DCF) model;