College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China;
College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China;
College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China;
College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China;
time difference of arrival (TDOA); passive location; cuckoo search (CS) algorithm; station layout;