Arup;
London;
W1T 4BQ;
United Kingdom;
Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering;
Queen’s University;
Kingston;
Ontario;
K7L 3N6;
Canada;
Department of Civil Engineering;
Royal Military College of Canada;
Kingston;
Ontario;
K7L 4V3;
Canada;
Excavation; damaged; zone; (EDZ); Brittle; failure; Finite-discrete; element; method; (FDEM); Tunnelling; Discrete; fracture; network; (DFN);