卧龙国家级自然保护区野生药用资源植物采挖调查

摘要

2014年8月—2015年7月,采用样线调查与问卷调查相结合的方法,对卧龙国家级自然保护区野生药用资源植物采挖的情况进行了调查;摸清了保护区野生药用资源植物被采挖的种类、时间、强度,影响以及采挖人员来源、年龄构成等基本情况;并提出了加强管护的相关措施.2014年8月—2015年7月期间,采用样线调查法与问卷调查法相结合的方法,对卧龙国家级自然保护区野生药用资源植物被采挖的情况进行了较为全面的调查;调查表明:保护区内被采挖的野生药用资源植物达到20科45种,其中天麻、重楼、贝母、大黄、红景天、水母雪莲花、羌活、木香和佛掌参等9种被采挖强度较强;采挖时间主要集中在秋冬季节(6–10月);在保护区的试验区,缓冲区和核心区都有不同程度的采挖现象发生,但主要集中在卧龙、耿达两镇居民生产生活区域和林线——高山草甸——流石滩区域,其中邓生——巴朗山区域的邓生沟、糖房、梯子沟、魏家沟尾部以及热水河区域采挖现象尤其严重;采挖人员来自于保护区及其周边区域,其中区内人员占58%,区外人员占42%,男女比例为87:13;采挖人员年龄组成为:18岁以下6%,19–45岁69%,46–65岁19%,66岁以上6%;采挖的主要目的是用于出售以增加经济收入.同时针对调查结果进行了分析和讨论,并提出了加强法律法规的宣传引导、整合执法力量、建立并强化巡护检查机制、注重社区互动、技能培训、野生药材人工驯化种植等途径转移剩余劳动力等综合管理措施.%A combination of sample surveys and questionnaires were used to investigate the harvesting of wild medicinal plants (WMP) in Wolong National Nature Reserve (WNNR) from August 2014 to July 2015. These sur-veys showed that up to 20 families and 45 species of WMP were harvested in WNNR. Gastrodia elata, Paris pol-yphyla, Fritilaria thun-bergli, Rheum officinale, Rhodiola rosea, Saussurea medusa, Notopterygium root, Radix Ginseng, Buddha's palm were harvested intensely. The harvesting, which occurred mainly in autumn and winter (from June to October) in the test area, buffer area and core area, was located mostly in the residential and crop production areas of Wolong Town and Gengda Town, and in the timberline, alpine meadows and scree areas of Dengshenggou Ravine and Balangshan Mountain (specifically in Dengshenggou, Tangfang, Tizigou Ravine, Wei-jiagou Ravine and Reshuihe River areas). Among al the harvesters, 58% came from inside the WNNR, and 42% came from outside the WNNR; 87% were male, and 13% were female; 6% were under the age of 18, 69% were 19–45 years old, 19% were 46–65 years old, 6% were over 66 years old. The main purpose of harvesting was commercial sale to increase household income. Based on the analysis and discussion of the results, comprehen-sive management measures were introduced to strengthen the awareness and efficacy of laws and regulations, integrate the enforcement of these laws, establish and strengthen inspections. Skils training and the domestication of the wild medicinal materials were used to encourage the surplus labor force to avoid excessive harvesting and move into other agricultural endeavors.