Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute Nanjing 210029 China;
College of Harbour Coastal and Off shore Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China;
Key Laboratory of Port Waterway&Sedimentation Engineering of MOT Nanjing 210029 China;
Department of Civil Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA;
laboratory experiment; wave-structure interaction; horizontal panels; wave uplift force; empirical formula;