Contribution of trimethylamine N-oxide on the growth and pressure tolerance of deep-sea bacteria

摘要

Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)is widely dispersed in marine environments and plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen.Diverse marine bacteria utilize TMAO as carbon and nitrogen sources or as electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration.Alteration of respiratory component according to the pressure is a common trait of deep-sea bacteria.Deep-sea bacteria from different genera harbor high hydrostatic pressure(HHP)inducible TMAO reductases that are assumed to be constitutively expressed in the deep-sea piezosphere and facilitating quick reaction to TMAO released from fish which is a potential nutrient for bacterial growth.However,whether deep-sea bacteria universally employ this strategy remains unknown.In this study,237 bacterial strains affiliated to 23 genera of Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were isolated from seawater,sediment or amphipods collected at different depths.The pressure tolerance and the utilization of TMAO were examined in 74 strains.The results demonstrated no apparent correlation between the depth where the bacteria inhabit and their pressure tolerance,regarding to our samples.Several deep-sea strains from the genera of Alteromonas,Halomonas,Marinobacter,Photobacterium,and Vibrio showed capacity of TMAO utilization,but none of the isolated Acinebacter,Bacillus,Brevundimonas,Muricauda,Novosphingobium,Rheinheimera,Sphingobium and Stenotrophomonas did,indicating the utilization of TMAO is a species-specific feature.Furthermore,we noticed that the ability of TMAO utilization varied among strains of the same species.TMAO has greater impact on the growth of deep-sea isolates of Vibrio neocaledonicus than shallow-water isolates.Taken together,the results describe for the first time the TMAO utilization in deep-sea bacterial strains,and expand our understanding of the physiological characteristic of marine bacteria.