Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station of Geographical Science University;
State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Academy of Sciences;
Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Academy of Sciences;
coastal zone; land use gradient; sea-land; human activities; Manila Bay;