Objective To compare the effects of mild hypothermia or normothermia on inflammatory cytokines (IL-2 and IL-10) in elderly patients undergoing surgery for rectal cancer, and determine whether the elevation of IL-2 and IL-10 levels and early postoperative cognitive dysfunction has the relevant. Methods Forty ASA classification Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 65-83 yr undergoing surgery for rectal cancer were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=20 each):normal body temperature group (GroupⅠ) and mild hypothermia group (GroupⅡ) . The venous blood samples were taken at 3 points which were at 1 h before anesthesia (T1), the end of operation (T2) and the 24h after operation (T3) to measure the levels of plasma IL-2 and IL-10. The cognitive function test (MMSE) were performed at one day before operation (N1), one day after operation (N2) and 3th days after operation (N3) . Results The level of plasma IL-2 was significantly lower in the GroupⅡthan that in the GroupⅠat T2 and T3 ( < 0.01), and those was significantly lower at T3 than that at T2 ( <0.01) . The level of plasma IL-10 was significantly higher in the GroupⅡat T3 than that at T1 and T2 ( <0.01) . To compare with N1, the score of both groups were decreased at N2 ( <0.05), and it was lower in GroupⅡthan that in GroupⅠ( <0.05), with a significant difference. The score of both groups were increased significantly at N3 (<0.05), and there was significant difference with N2 ( <0.05);Positive correlation was found between IL-2 at T2 and T3 and the score of MMSE in the GroupⅡat N2 ( =0.459, <0.01) ( =0.550, <0.01) . Conclusion Positive correlations were found between the elevation of IL-2 levels under mild hypothermia and the decline of postoperative early cognitive function in elderly undergoing rectal cancer surgery.%目的：比较老年直肠癌患者术中轻度低温及正常体温下细胞因子IL-2、IL-10的变化与术后早期认知功能的变化是否具有相关性．方法 ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级拟行直肠癌手术老年患者40例，年龄65～83岁，随机均分为常温组（Ⅰ组）和轻度低温组（Ⅱ组）．分别于麻醉前1 h （T1）、手术结束时（T2）及术后24 h （T3）用流式细胞仪检测细胞因子IL-2、IL-10；另于术前1 d （N1）、术后第1天（N2）及术后第3天（N3）用MMSE量表对患者进行神经精神功能测试并记录得分情况．结果与T1时比较， II组IL-2血浆浓度在T2、T3时明显降低（＜0.01）；与T1、T2时比较，II组T3时IL-10浓度明显增高（＜0.01）．与N1时比较，2组患者MMSE评分N2时下降（＜0.05），尤以Ⅱ组降低明显，组间比较有差异（＜0.05）．N3时评分又逐渐升高，与N2比较有差异（＜0.05）．T2、T3时II组IL-2与N2时的MMSE评分存在明显的正相关性（=0.459，＜0.01）（=0.550，
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