古代煤窑：中国近现代煤矿的滥觞

摘要

China is one of the earliest countries in the world that discover, mine and exploit coal. Coal mining and the use of it play a vital role in China＇ s social progress and economic development. In ancient China, the place of production of coal was called coal pit. Coal pit differs from coal mine in that the production tool of the former was mainly hand tools and most of jobholders were farmers who concur-rently worked in slack farming season. Ancient coal pits were located in almost all regions of China, but with different forms of exploitation. In terms of the management system of ancient coal piis, there were not only official monopoly and coal miffing license system, but also the private sector ＂guo huo＂ and ＂ren quan＂ system, etc. A number of coal pits with rich reserves and convenient geographical location had gradually become the birthplace of China＇ s modern coal mines.%中国是世界上发现、开采和利用煤炭最早的国家之一。煤炭的开采和利用对于中国的社会进步和经济发展产生过重要的作用。在古代中国，生产煤炭的场所统称为煤窑。煤窑与煤矿的最大区别在于生产工具主要是手工工具，从业人员多系农民农闲兼作。古代煤窑的所在地几乎遍布全国各省区，但开采形态有所不同。古代煤窑的管理制度既有官府的专卖制度和采煤执照制度，也有民间的“锅伙”和“人圈”等方式。一批储量丰富、地理位置优越的煤窑所在地逐步成为中国近现代煤矿的滥觞。