State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment;
Harbin Institute of Technology;
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse;
Tongji University;
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology;
Tianjin Institute of Urban Construction;
cake; models; APAM; nano-particles; Al2O3; /TiO2; PVDF; ultrafiltration; membranes; fouling; mechanism;