School of Economics;
Lanzhou University;
Lanzhou 730000;
China;
College of Geography and Environmental Science;
Northwest Normal University;
Lanzhou 730070;
China;
College of Earth and Environmental Sciences;
Lanzhou University;
Lanzhou 730000;
China;
nighttime lighting data; carbon footprint; carbon deficit; exploratory spatial-temporal data analysis; spatial-temporal interaction characteristics; decoupling effect;