Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources;
Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture;
Center for Agricultural Resources Research;
Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology;
CAS;
Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes;
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research;
CAS;
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;
groundwater; recharge; critical; zone; irrigated; agro-ecosystems; North; China; Plain;